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The Journal of Cell Biology Jul 2024Recent studies with fluorophore-tagged basement membrane (BM) components have led to remarkable discoveries about BMs but also inconsistent interpretations. Here, we... (Review)
Review
Recent studies with fluorophore-tagged basement membrane (BM) components have led to remarkable discoveries about BMs but also inconsistent interpretations. Here, we review types of BM dynamics, discuss how we conduct and interpret fluorophore-tagged BM studies, and highlight experimental conditions that are important to consider.
Topics: Basement Membrane; Animals; Humans; Fluorescent Dyes
PubMed: 38709175
DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202402113 -
Toxins May 2010Proteases from a variety of sources (viruses, bacteria, fungi, plants, and insects) have toxicity towards insects. Some of these insecticidal proteases evolved as venom... (Review)
Review
Proteases from a variety of sources (viruses, bacteria, fungi, plants, and insects) have toxicity towards insects. Some of these insecticidal proteases evolved as venom components, herbivore resistance factors, or microbial pathogenicity factors, while other proteases play roles in insect development or digestion, but exert an insecticidal effect when over-expressed from genetically engineered plants or microbial pathogens. Many of these proteases are cysteine proteases, although insect-toxic metalloproteases and serine proteases have also been examined. The sites of protease toxic activity range from the insect midgut to the hemocoel (body cavity) to the cuticle. This review discusses these insecticidal proteases along with their evaluation and use as potential pesticides.
Topics: Animals; Basement Membrane; Insecta; Peptide Hydrolases; Pest Control, Biological
PubMed: 22069618
DOI: 10.3390/toxins2050935 -
International Journal of Molecular... Dec 2021Insufficient endothelialization of cardiovascular grafts is a major hurdle in vascular surgery and regenerative medicine, bearing a risk for early graft thrombosis.... (Review)
Review
Insufficient endothelialization of cardiovascular grafts is a major hurdle in vascular surgery and regenerative medicine, bearing a risk for early graft thrombosis. Neither of the numerous strategies pursued to solve these problems were conclusive. Endothelialization is regulated by the endothelial basement membrane (EBM), a highly specialized part of the vascular extracellular matrix. Thus, a detailed understanding of the structure-function interrelations of the EBM components is fundamental for designing biomimetic materials aiming to mimic EBM functions. In this review, a detailed description of the structure and functions of the EBM are provided, including the luminal and abluminal interactions with adjacent cell types, such as vascular smooth muscle cells. Moreover, in vivo as well as in vitro strategies to build or renew EBM are summarized and critically discussed. The spectrum of methods includes vessel decellularization and implant biofunctionalization strategies as well as tissue engineering-based approaches and bioprinting. Finally, the limitations of these methods are highlighted, and future directions are suggested to help improve future design strategies for EBM-inspired materials in the cardiovascular field.
Topics: Animals; Basement Membrane; Biocompatible Materials; Bioprinting; Blood Vessel Prosthesis; Endothelium, Vascular; Extracellular Matrix; Humans; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle; Prosthesis Design; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 34884923
DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313120 -
The Journal of Investigative Dermatology Jul 1982Recent biochemical and immunohistochemical studies have described several components of basement membranes including heparan sulfate proteoglycan, 2 high molecular... (Review)
Review
Recent biochemical and immunohistochemical studies have described several components of basement membranes including heparan sulfate proteoglycan, 2 high molecular weight glycoproteins (fibronectin and laminin), and 2 collagen types (IV and V). These collagens have several properties which distinguish them from other types that are located in the interstitium: (a) type IV forms an amorphous, felt-like matrix, and neither IV nor V is found in large, cross-banded fibrils, (b) both have an increased content of hydrophobic amino acids, (c) the precursor (pro) forms are larger than those of interstitial collagens, (d) type IV contains interruptions within the triple helix, and e) both IV and V are resistant to human skin collagenase but are substrates for selected neutral proteases derived from mast cells, macrophages, and granulocytes. By immunofluorescence staining, type IV collagen has been localized to basement membranes at the dermal-epidermal junction, in capillaries, and beneath endothelial cells in larger vessels. Ultrastructurally it has been shown to be a specific component of the lamina densa. Type V collagen has been localized to the pericellular matrices of several cells types and may be specific for extramembranous structures which are closely associated with basal laminae. Other collagenous proteins have been described which may be associated with the extracellular matrix. One of these is secreted by endothelial cells in culture and by peptide mapping represents a novel collagen type. It is secreted under ascorbate-free conditions and is highly sensitive to proteolytic degradation. It has been proposed that a dynamic reciprocity exists between cells and their extracellular matrix which partially determines cell shape, biosynthesis, migration, and attachment. Examples of phenotypic modulation in several of these phenomena have been shown with endothelial cells grown on different substrates and isolated from different vascular environments.
Topics: Basement Membrane; Collagen; Endothelium; Humans; Muscles; Skin
PubMed: 7045245
DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12545773 -
Scandinavian Journal of Immunology Jan 2016We have previously reviewed alterations to basement membrane laminin in psoriasis and how disruption of this layer could lead to at least some of the pathological... (Review)
Review
We have previously reviewed alterations to basement membrane laminin in psoriasis and how disruption of this layer could lead to at least some of the pathological changes observed. We here postulate that basement membrane laminin is the key antigen in driving psoriasis, inducing a T cell-mediated autoimmune response. For laminin to be considered as the key autoantigen in psoriasis, it would be reasonable to expect the following to be demonstrable: (1) that autoantigens are present in psoriatic inflammation; (2) that basement membrane laminin is perturbed in involved and uninvolved skin, and that some of the pathological changes associated with psoriasis could be predicted as a sequel to this; (3) that disruption of the basement membrane is among the earliest events in the evolution of psoriatic lesions; (4) that as streptococcal pharyngitis is the most clearly defined event to trigger or exacerbate psoriasis, then a T cell-mediated autoimmune response to laminin should be anticipated as a potential sequelae to streptococcal pharyngitis; (5) that T cells in psoriasis can be shown to react to peptides with homology to laminin; (6) that HLACw6, as the most closely related gene associated with psoriasis and which is involved in antigen expression, should be preferentially expressed within lesional psoriasis towards the basement membrane, together with other proximal associated immune activity; and (7) that there is some association between antilaminin pemphigoid, a humorally mediated autoimmune disease to skin basement membrane laminin, and psoriasis. We here review the data relevant to each of these requirements.
Topics: Autoantigens; Autoimmunity; Basement Membrane; Humans; Laminin; Psoriasis; T-Lymphocytes
PubMed: 26346598
DOI: 10.1111/sji.12384 -
Experimental Eye Research Jun 2020Bowman's layer lies immediately posterior to the epithelial basement membrane (EBM) and anterior to the stroma proper in humans, chickens, quail, zebra fish, deer,... (Review)
Review
Bowman's layer lies immediately posterior to the epithelial basement membrane (EBM) and anterior to the stroma proper in humans, chickens, quail, zebra fish, deer, giraffe, antelope, California sea lions, guinea pig and several other species. It is not found in dog, wolf, cat, tiger, lions, rabbit, pigs, cows, goats, or horses. Developmental anomalies of Bowman's layer are rare, but acquired damage to Bowman's layer, or even complete destruction, is frequently seen in advanced bullous keratopathy or Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy. No detrimental effects of removal of Bowman's layer over the central 6-7 mm of central cornea have been noted in millions of patients who've had photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). Recent studies have suggested the randomly-oriented collagen fibrils that make up Bowman's layer do not have a significant barrier function in modulating the passage of moderate- to large-sized proteins. It is hypothesized that Bowman's layer develops in the corneas of those species that have one because of cytokine-mediated interactions occurring between corneal epithelial cells and underlying keratocytes, including negative chemotactic and apoptotic effects on the keratocytes by low levels of cytokines such as interleukin-1α that are gradually released as epithelial cells die and slough during their normal development. A "Bowman's like layer" can generate around stromal epithelial plugs after radial keratotomy, and possibly beneath the central corneal epithelial basement membrane many years after PRK.
Topics: Animals; Basement Membrane; Epithelium, Corneal; Humans; Regeneration
PubMed: 32339517
DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108033 -
Current Topics in Membranes 2015The nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans has all the major basement membrane proteins found in vertebrates, usually with a smaller gene family encoding each component.... (Review)
Review
The nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans has all the major basement membrane proteins found in vertebrates, usually with a smaller gene family encoding each component. With its powerful forward genetics, optical clarity, simple tissue organization, and the capability to functionally tag most basement membrane components with fluorescent proteins, C. elegans has facilitated novel insights into the assembly and function of basement membranes. Although basement membranes are generally thought of as static structures, studies in C. elegans have revealed their active properties and essential functions in tissue formation and maintenance. Here, we review discoveries from C. elegans development that highlight dynamic aspects of basement membrane assembly, function, and regulation during organ growth, tissue polarity, cell migration, cell invasion, and tissue attachment. These studies have helped transform our view of basement membranes from static support structures to dynamic scaffoldings that play broad roles in regulating tissue organization and cellular behavior that are essential for development and have important implications in human diseases.
Topics: Animals; Basement Membrane; Caenorhabditis elegans; Extracellular Matrix; Humans
PubMed: 26610919
DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2015.08.001 -
Acta Dermato-venereologica Nov 2015
Topics: Basement Membrane; Hidradenitis Suppurativa; Humans; Integrin alpha6beta4; Sebaceous Glands
PubMed: 26844308
DOI: 10.2340/00015555-2198 -
Experimental & Molecular Medicine Feb 2021Blinding eye diseases such as corneal neovascularization, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration are driven by pathological... (Review)
Review
Blinding eye diseases such as corneal neovascularization, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration are driven by pathological angiogenesis. In cancer, angiogenesis is key for tumor growth and metastasis. Current antiangiogenic treatments applied clinically interfere with the VEGF signaling pathway-the main angiogenic pathway-to inhibit angiogenesis. These treatments are, however, only partially effective in regressing new pathologic vessels, and the disease relapses following cessation of treatment. Moreover, the relapse of pathological angiogenesis can be rapid, aggressive and more difficult to treat than angiogenesis in the initial phase. The manner in which relapse occurs is poorly understood; however, recent studies have begun to shed light on the mechanisms underlying the revascularization process. Hypotheses have been generated to explain the rapid angiogenic relapse and increased resistance of relapsed disease to treatment. In this context, the present review summarizes knowledge of the various mechanisms of disease relapse gained from different experimental models of pathological angiogenesis. In addition, the basement membrane-a remnant of regressed vessels-is examined in detail to discuss its potential role in disease relapse. Finally, approaches for gaining a better understanding of the relapse process are discussed, including prospects for the management of relapse in the context of disease.
Topics: Animals; Basement Membrane; Biomarkers; Collagen; Disease Management; Disease Susceptibility; Endothelium, Vascular; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Neovascularization, Pathologic; Recurrence; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 33589713
DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00566-2 -
Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in... Feb 2011Basement membranes are widely distributed extracellular matrices that coat the basal aspect of epithelial and endothelial cells and surround muscle, fat, and Schwann... (Review)
Review
Basement membranes are widely distributed extracellular matrices that coat the basal aspect of epithelial and endothelial cells and surround muscle, fat, and Schwann cells. These extracellular matrices, first expressed in early embryogenesis, are self-assembled on competent cell surfaces through binding interactions among laminins, type IV collagens, nidogens, and proteoglycans. They form stabilizing extensions of the plasma membrane that provide cell adhesion and that act as solid-phase agonists. Basement membranes play a role in tissue and organ morphogenesis and help maintain function in the adult. Mutations adversely affecting expression of the different structural components are associated with developmental arrest at different stages as well as postnatal diseases of muscle, nerve, brain, eye, skin, vasculature, and kidney.
Topics: Animals; Axons; Basement Membrane; Cell Adhesion; Cell Movement; Collagen Type IV; Dystroglycans; Humans; Integrins; Kidney Glomerulus; Laminin; Morphogenesis; Receptors, Cell Surface; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 21421915
DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a004911